Feminine Sexuality in The Storm - 725 Words

Kate Chopins short story The Storm; describes an encounter of infidelity between two lovers during a brief thunderstorm. The story alludes to the controversial topic of womens sexuality and passion, which during Chopins time no one spoke about much less wrote about. So controversial was The Storm,; that it was not published until after her death in eighteen ninety-nine. The story is broken up into five sections, each filled with small clues and hints that reflect her message. In short, Kate Chopins The Storm; is about a confirmation of feminine sexuality and passion and a rejection of the suppression of it by society. The title of The Storm; gives the reader a peek into the underlying meaning of the story. It obviously†¦show more content†¦Her sexuality has been repressed by the constraints of her marriage and societys view of women, represented by the housework being done before the storm hits. Chopin alludes to this theme of suppression again as Alcee is invited into Calixtas home. The author writes, Come long in, Msieur Alcee. His voice and her own startled her as if from a trance, and she seized Bobinots vest. Alcee, mounting to the porch, grabbed the trousers and snatched Bibis braided jacket that was about to be carried away by a sudden gust of wind.; Alcee grabs Bobinots pants, symbolically subverting the social and martial constraints that control Calixta. Chopin presents many details of Calixtas affirmation of her sexuality and passion. As the storms intensity increases, it becomes necessary to put something underneath the door to keep the rain out. My! what a rain! Its good two years sence it rained it rain like that, exclaimed Calixta as she rolled up a piece of bagging and Alcee helped her to thrust it beneath the crack.; The sexual connotation of thrusting it beneath the crack; is evident, but it is important to notice that Calixta initiates this sexual act, not Alcee. This is a far cry from an ordinary, repressed housewife. Quite the contrary, Chopin actuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Storm780 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin#8217;s short story #8220;The Storm#8221; describes an encounter of infidelity between two lovers during a brief thunderstorm. The story alludes to the controversial topic of women#8217;s sexuality and passion, which during Chopin#8217;s time no one spoke about much less wrote about. So controversial was #8220;Th e Storm,#8221; that it was not published until after her death in eighteen ninety-nine. The story is broken up into five sections, each filled with small clues and hintsRead More The Storm Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Storm In Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Storm†, the narrative surrounds the brief extramarital affair of two individuals, Calixta and Alcee. The story does not seem to be as a condemnation of infidelity, but rather as an affirmation of human sexuality. â€Å"The Storm† may be interpreted as a specific affirmation of feminine sexuality and passion cojoined with a condemnation of its repression by the constraints of society. Even though the adultery considered a crime at that period of time, theRead MoreAsserting Your Independence by Testing The Boundaries of Sexuality in The Storm982 Words   |  4 Pagesthan themselves. The passion they have for each other, though, overtakes any kind of desire to stay committed to their spouses with minimal regrets as the story progresses. A great majority of the narrative in the â€Å"The Storm† implies that testing ones boundaries in human sexuality is one of the more passionate forms of asserting one’s own indepe ndence. This approach greatly contradicts the opposing beliefs of traditional cultures that have an extreme disapproval of any kind of experimentation orRead MorePersonality and Sexual Orientation Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe early stages of childhood. Although childhood is a critical period, many studies have been conducted ranging from those in their twenties and thirties (Carver, Perry, Egan, 2004). Storms (1981) believes that the content of one’s sexual fantasies that arouses the stimuli of their erotic orientation. Storms (1981) also stated that sexual orientation is a combination of social development and sexual development that takes place during an individual’s childhood. Through Research, it is provenRead MoreEssay Blakes Use Symbolism1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn both poems Blake uses the common symbol of a flower to represent a woman to highlight the problem of this conception of the feminine. Though it’s the speaker of the Innocence poem â €Å"The Blossom,† the young flower stays stationary while observing the activity of two birds in the same area. The blossom watches the sparrow â€Å"Seek[s] [its] cradle narrow† or return to its nest, a representation of a male returning to his home (5). In the next stanza, the blossom notes a robin â€Å"sobbing† next to it (10)Read MoreFeminity and Sexual Desires in The Storm by Kate Chopin704 Words   |  3 Pages The Storm is a story Written by Kate Chopin. The time at which the story was set is in the 19th century. The story was set in Louisiana and in real sense, Louisiana is a place that is best known for violent storms. The story is about is a confrontation of the theme of femininity and complexities of the married people in the storm. The storm is used throughout the story, and it only ends after the characters, Alcee and Calixta’s sexual encounter, which brings out the theme of femininity, and sexualRead MoreLeo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,1518 Words   |  7 Pageshas passed in 1882, and that is when her writing career launched. In most of her novels and stories her characters are bilingual, also known as fluent in two languages. Kate Chopin using the theme of feminism in her stories, â€Å"The Awakening†, â€Å"The Storm†, and â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† where she illustrates the use of the feminist movement and where she describe s women’s sexualaity in her writings. During Kate Chopin’s time, feminism was not much different than it is today. Most feminists wanted theRead MoreEssay about Symbolism of â€Å"The Storm1512 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin wrote the short story â€Å"The Storm† one of her most bold stories and did not even intention to publish it (Cutter 191). The two main characters in the story are Calixta and Alcee. They both used to be attracted to one another in previous years, but now they are both married to someone else. After Alcee arrives to Calixta’s house looking for shelter they are driven into a passionate moment. In the story â€Å"The Storm† the storm has a significant meaning; without it the affair of Calixta andRead MoreDeceit and Sexual Womens Sexual Sins in Dantes Inferno1536 Words   |  7 PagesDeceit and Sexual Women’s Sexual Sins in Dante’s Inferno Dante’s representations of women and feminine sexuality in the Inferno show contrasts within the various natures of women and their sexuality. His era’s vision of the perfect woman one that idealized beauty, passiveness and purity is represented by his life long love Beatrice. This ideal and its representation in Beatrice are contrasted with the dark depictions of women, their sexual sins, devious devices, and evil act, which DanteRead MoreAnalysis Of The Little Mermaid 1688 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to her father, and is attracted to the secrets of the human world that she longs to be a part of. Her courage is demonstrated when she risks her own life to save Flounder from a shark, or when she risks exposure to save Eric’s life during the storm. However, as soon as Ariel lays her eyes on Eric, all her priorities turn into finding Eric again and being a part of his world. This is seen through the change in the lyrics of her theme song from I want to b e part of that world to part of your

Battle of Gettysburg and Union Free Essays

The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the American Civil War. This is the most famous and important Civil War Battle that occurred on July 1st-3rd 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. More importantly Gettysburg was the clash between the two major American Cultures of their time: the North and the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Gettysburg and Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Confederacy had an agricultural economy producing tobacco, corn, and cotton, with many large plantations owned by a few very rich white males. These owners lived off the labor of sharecroppers and slaves, charging high dues for use of their land. The Southern or Confederate Army was made up of a group of white males fighting for their independence from federal northern dictates. The Union economy was based on manufacturing, and even the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South most of the time. The Northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army. The Southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite. The South was fighting against a government because they thought they were being treated unfair. An analysis of the Battle of Gettysburg reveals one challenge facing the Union and the Confederacy was unjustified taxes and slavery. The battle began on July 1, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg began when the Confederate cavalry ran into the Union horsemen. Both sides then called for backup. The Confederates’ back up arrived first; they now had twice as many men as the union. Soon after Union General John Reynolds arrived, he was shot in the back of the head and killed instantly. They confederates drove the Union south of town. Everyone set up for battle and waited until day two. The excitement of the battle began on day two, July 2, 1863. By morning, 150 thousand Union and Confederate troops had joined at little Pennsylvania town. The Confederates occupied a line west of the Emmetsburg Road, along the Seminary Ridge. While the Union men waited along Cemetery Ridge. The union had an advantage because; Cemetery Ridge was a somewhat more elevated. On day two the Union won overall. The following events occured on day two: Little Round Top, Devil’s Den, Battle of the Wheatfield, Battle of the Peach Orchard, and the Battle of Cemetery Hill. The number of casualties in the Battle of Gettysburg was enormous compared to any war. The casualties of just day two are the union at 8,750 and the confederate at 6,500. One of the major events from day two was the Devil’s Den. It is unique because the Confederate won which was very uncommon. â€Å"Devil’s Den is the name given to a ridge strewn with large boulders south of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and about 500 yards west of Little Round Top on the Battle of Gettysburg battlefield. The origin of the name is uncertain. On July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the area around Devil’s Den saw intense fighting as part of General Robert E. Lee’s flank attacks, when Lieutenant General James Longstreet’s Confederate corps attacked the divisions of Major General Daniel Sickles’ III Corps of the Army of the Potomac. Some 5,500 Confederates from Major General John Bell Hood’s division ultimately captured Devil’s Den from 2,400 defenders drawn from Major General David Bell Birney’s division. It was one of the few Southern successes in that day’s fighting. Total casualty estimates are over 800 for the Union, more than 1,800 among the Confederates. † (The Devil’s Den) This event/location is also significant because Major General John Bell Hood was wounded and was forced to yield his command. There were two main locations of the Battle of Gettysburg, they were Little and Big Round Top. Little Round top is the smaller of the two. It is located between Taneytown and Emmetsburg roads. At the time of the battle â€Å"it was known locally by various names including Sugar Loaf. † (Little Round Top) Major General Governor K. Warren, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, rushed troops to Little Round Top; they arrived minutes before the Confederates did. The 20th Maine Regiment charged late in the battle, which foiled a flanking attempt by the 15th Alabama. Overall the battle at Little Round top the union won. The final day of battle was on July 3, 1863. Both the Confederates and the Union had their plains of winning the battle. Robert E. Lee from the Confederate side decided they should charge into the middle of the Union line and break the line into two. When Robert E. Lee decided on the Plan to charge through the middle of the Union line Major General George Pickett knew it would not succeed. He tried to talk Lee out of it, but Lee instructed Pickett to charge. Major Picket followed these orders. This is known as Pickett’s Charge. The charge took place â€Å"between Seminary and Cemetery ridges, Gettysburg battlefield, Pennsylvania. (Pickett’s Charge)While all of this was occurring â€Å"General Slocum attacked Confederate troops at Culp’s Hill to regain territory loss the previous day. This fight lasted for a good 8 hours finally forcing the Confederates to retreat off of Culp’s Hill. † (Gettysburg Day Three) In the end the Union won. â€Å"Culp’s Hill was the right-most flank of the â €Å"fishhook† line formed by Union Army troops during the Battle of Gettysburg and saw fighting all three days of the battle. Culp’s Hill has two rounded peaks with a narrow saddle between them. Although heavily wooded and unsuitable for artillery, the main peak of Culp’s Hill rises substantially above the surrounding landscape, at a little over 200 feet above the town of Gettysburg and 127 feet higher than Cemetery Hill. With Baltimore Pike, critical for Union Army supplies and preventing Confederate advance on Baltimore or Washington, DC, to the east and Confederates approaching from Rock Creek to the west, Culp’s Hill was critical to Union strategy. † (Culp’s Hill) The Union had two main places throughout the three days they were located. Cemetery Hill was the site of Army’s weaponry. The hill is north of Cemetery Ridge. The defense of the Union line begins to â€Å"to turn east to form the â€Å"fishhook† line to Culp’s Hill. † (Cemetery Hill) Cemetery Ridge is about two miles long and 40feet above surrounding land. The Confederate Army launched attacked the Union many times at Cemetery Ridge. These attacks took place on day two and three. On each attack they were forced to fall back on each occasion. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave a famous speech called The Gettysburg Address. The speech was a dedication to the Soldier’s National Cemetery. Soldier’s National Cemetery is a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. The speech is as follows: â€Å"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. † (Gettysburg Address Text) The actual main speaker of the night was Edward Everett. He spoke for two hours all from memory. Finally, the Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union. The war didn’t end slavery, but instead furthered the advancement in ending slavery. Years after the war in 1865 the 13th amendment was adopted and slavery was then on out illegal. The war was not just about slavery, but also about taxes. The higher taxes came about to the south when Lincoln needed money. All in all the Battle of Gettysburg is the bloodiest war and had the most causalities. Works Cited â€Å"Battle of Gettysburg. † Summary ; Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg;. â€Å"Cemetery Hill. † Gettysburg. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 012. ;http://www. historynet. com/cemetery-hill;. â€Å"Cemetery Ridge. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Cemetery Ridge Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/cemetery-ridge;. â€Å"Culp’s Hill. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Culps Hill Comments. N. p. , n. d . Web. 09 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/culps-hill;. â€Å"The Devil’s Den. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Devils Den Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. om/devils-den-gettysburg;. â€Å"The Gettysburg Address. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Gettysburg Address Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/the-gettysburg-address;. â€Å"Gettysburg Address Text. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Gettysburg Address Text Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/gettysburg-address-text;. â€Å"Gettysburg Day Three. † Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg Battle Summary, Gettysburg Address. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. ivilwaracademy. com/gettysburg-day-three. html;. â€Å"Little Round Top. † Battle Summary ; Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 0 9 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/little-round-top;. â€Å"Pickett’s Charge. † Pickett’s Charge. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http://www. historynet. com/picketts-charge-gettysburg. Samit, Christian G. â€Å"Battle of Gettysburg — Day Two. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Battle of Gettysburg Day Two Comments. America’s Civil War Magazine, 29 Aug. 2006. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg-day-two. htm;. How to cite Battle of Gettysburg and Union, Essay examples

Corporate Contracts in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Advise the various creditors as to their rights to recover their debts. 2.Is the Company bound to perform its Obligations under this contract? Give reasons for your Answer. Answers: 1.According to Section 197 of the Corporation Act 2001, in case director of the company incurs any liability while acting as trustee, then director is liable to discharge whole or part of the liability if: Company fails to discharge the whole or part of the liability, and Company is not able to pay the liability from trust assets, because trust was breached by corporation, corporations conduct its operations outside the scope of its powers and any provision of the trust deny the right of the corporation to be indemnified against the liability. This section further states that, directors of the company are not responsible for the liability incurred by the company, on the ground that assets of the trust are not sufficient to meet the liabilities of the corporation[1]. In the present case, Section 197 is applied because corporation fails to discharge its liability. Directors of the company fails to act within the scope of their powers because of which corporate fails to indemnify the liability against the trust. This can be understood through the landmark case law Hanel v. ONeill[2]. After considering above facts, it is clear that director of the corporation is liable towards the creditors of the company. Therefore, Creditors can claim for their debts against the directors of the company because they are personally liable for the debts. 2.Indoor management rule was introduced by common law in case Royal British Bank v. Turquand[3]. Court held that outsider who enter into contract with the company has right to make assumption that officer of the company complied with all the internal rules of the company. Later, High Court approved this rule in case law Albert Gardens (Manly) Ltd v. Mercantile Credits Ltd[4][5]. There are number of contracts in which company entered with the outsiders, and those officer who act on behalf of the company has power to bind the company by their actions. This can be understood through case law Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd Judges[6]. Court held that it was the duty of outsiders to ensure that all the internal rules are compiled by the company before conducting business. After some time, this rule was held inappropriate by the Court on the ground that directors of the company are representative of the company. Third person has right to believe that directors and other officers of the company compiled with the internal rules of the company, and in case directors fails to compiled with the internal rules then third person face the consequences. For resolving this problem, Court stated that in case third party believes that officers of the company compiled with all the internal requirements of the company, and they have power to enter into contract on behalf of the company then such contract is binding in nature[7]. In the present case, contract bounds the company and directors of the company, because both director and company secretary have power to act on behalf of the company. In this case, Indoor management rule is applicable and third party has right to believe that officers of the company compiled by law. References Website Lexology, The 'indoor management rule' explained, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=469212cf-f6d8-458d-8a5d-2722c5d4ba99, Accessed on 15th August 2017. Austlii, (2002), Protecting Outsiders to Corporate Contracts in Australia, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2002/22.html, Accessed on 15th August 2017. Case law Hanel v. O'Neill, (2003) 48 ACSR 378; (2004) 22 ACLC 274; (2003) SASC 409 (SC of SA 2003). Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 119 ER 886. Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1968] 1 QB 549. Statute Corporation Act 2001. Corporation Act 2001, Section 197. Hanel v. O'Neill, (2003) 48 ACSR 378; (2004) 22 ACLC 274; (2003) SASC 409 (SC of SA 2003). Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 119 ER 886. Lexology, The 'indoor management rule' explained, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=469212cf-f6d8-458d-8a5d-2722c5d4ba99, Accessed on 15th August 2017. Austlii, (2002), Protecting Outsiders to Corporate Contracts in Australia, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2002/22.html, Accessed on 15th August 2017. Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1968] 1 QB 549

Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) Essay Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet made decisions that lead to them both dying, which they could have avoided. Romeo causes Mercutio’s death by trying to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. â€Å"I am hurt. A plague o’ both houses! I am sped. † Mercutio says this after Romeo intervenes and causes Tybalt to stab Mercutio. He curses them by plaguing both houses, causing bad luck. Mercutio then dramatically shouts his death by saying, â€Å"I am sped. † â€Å"Romeo attempts to beat down their rapiers. Tybalt stabs Mercutio. This quote describes Romeo attempting to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. Tybalt then in result of Romeo intervening, stabs Mercutio. These kinds of evidence clearly states how greatly influential Romeo is to the other characters and the outcome of the play. Romeo left before the messenger gets there, so he did not know about the plan, therefore causing his and Juliet’s death. â€Å"Thy drug s are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. † Romeo hears about Juliet’s death but not the plan. So to join her in her death, he drinks a poison potion and kills himself. He kisses Juliet before he dies thinking he died in peace with her. â€Å"This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die. † After seeing Romeo lying there dead, Juliet first tries to lick up and poison remaining on Romeo’s lips. Since there is nothing left, she turns to a rusted sword to stab herself and join him. Now, Romeo causes Juliet’s real death by drinking that potion, thinking that he’s joined her. So, Romeo influenced Juliet and him to make bad decisions, partly based on insufficient knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Contrast Ake And Dark Child

Autobiographies deal with many things in an individual’s life. One of the things that is very important to this type of book is the way the author’s culture has influenced his life. The way that they were raised during their childhood is also an important influence. In the autobiographies Dark Child and Ake, the authors talk about many things regarding their childhood. They both deal with topics including religion, family and education. Style is also something that is important to an autobiography. The two authors being discussed here have very different styles of writing. In Dark Child, the author, Camara Laye, speaks to the reader in a childlike sense. The book is easy to read and seems to be more about telling stories than anything else. In Ake, it is quite the contrary. The author, Wole Soyinka, is also telling stories, however, he is obviously showing off his writing abilities. He makes references to things not many people know, and very often does not explain what he is talking about. The two books both go in depth regarding their religion, traditions and beliefs. Both authors belonged to different religions and speak about it in different ways. In Dark Child, Laye comes right out and begins talking about his family’s belief. Within the first four pages of the book, he is already letting us know about one of the most important things he learned about his family when he was a young boy in French New Guinea: about his father’s snake. One time, Laye was playing with a snake, and his mother scolded him, telling him that he could be badly hurt. From then on, he told his mother every time he saw a snake. One day, he saw a snake going towards his father’s workshop. He immediately told his mother about the danger. This is when he learned about this special snake. His mother told him, â€Å" This snake, is your father’s guiding spirit.† Laye had no idea what to make of this snake. He was young and was not aware of the speci... Contrast Ake And Dark Child Free Essays on Compare/Contrast Ake And Dark Child Autobiographies deal with many things in an individual’s life. One of the things that is very important to this type of book is the way the author’s culture has influenced his life. The way that they were raised during their childhood is also an important influence. In the autobiographies Dark Child and Ake, the authors talk about many things regarding their childhood. They both deal with topics including religion, family and education. Style is also something that is important to an autobiography. The two authors being discussed here have very different styles of writing. In Dark Child, the author, Camara Laye, speaks to the reader in a childlike sense. The book is easy to read and seems to be more about telling stories than anything else. In Ake, it is quite the contrary. The author, Wole Soyinka, is also telling stories, however, he is obviously showing off his writing abilities. He makes references to things not many people know, and very often does not explain what he is talking about. The two books both go in depth regarding their religion, traditions and beliefs. Both authors belonged to different religions and speak about it in different ways. In Dark Child, Laye comes right out and begins talking about his family’s belief. Within the first four pages of the book, he is already letting us know about one of the most important things he learned about his family when he was a young boy in French New Guinea: about his father’s snake. One time, Laye was playing with a snake, and his mother scolded him, telling him that he could be badly hurt. From then on, he told his mother every time he saw a snake. One day, he saw a snake going towards his father’s workshop. He immediately told his mother about the danger. This is when he learned about this special snake. His mother told him, â€Å" This snake, is your father’s guiding spirit.† Laye had no idea what to make of this snake. He was young and was not aware of the speci...

Language Functions in English

Language Functions in English A language function explains why someone says something. For example, if you are teaching a class youll have to give instructions. Giving Instructions is the language function. Language functions then require certain  grammar. To use our example, giving instructions requires the use of the imperative. Open your books.Insert the DVD into the drive.Purchase your ticket online. There is a wide range of language functions. Here are examples of guessing, expressing wishes and persuading- all language functions.   Guessing He might be busy today.She must be at work if shes not at home.Maybe shes got a new boyfriend! Expressing Wishes I wish I had five million dollars!If I could choose, Id buy the blue car.  Id like to have a steak, please.   Persuading I think youll find our product is the best you can buy.Come on, lets go have some fun! What can it hurt?If you give me a moment, I can explain why we should do this deal. Thinking about which language function youd like to use helps you learn phrases used to accomplish these tasks. For example, if you want to make a suggestion youll use these phrases: How about ...Lets ...Why dont we ...Id suggest we ... Using Language Function in Your Learning Its important to learn correct grammar such as the tenses, and when to use relative clauses. However, if you think about it, its probably just as important to know why you want to say something. What is the purpose? What is the language function? Teaching Language Functions Teaching language functions can lead to confusion at times as its common to use a wide range of grammatical structures for each function. For example, when expressing wishes students might use the present simple (I want ...), conditional sentences (If I had the money, I could ...), the verb wish for past and present wishes (I wish I had a new car / I wish she had come to the party), and so on. When teaching, its best to mix language functions with grammar. Provide functional language as students are ready to learn. In the example above, using I wish I could go to the party will likely confuse lower level students. On the other hand, Id like to go to the party or I want to go to the party is appropriate for lower level classes.   Generally speaking, the more advanced a student becomes the more they will be able to explore language and improve increasingly subtle functional demands. Heres a short overview of some of the most important language functions by level. Students should be able to accomplish each task by the end of the course. Naturally, students should also master language functions of lower levels: Beginning Level Expressing likesDescribing people, places, and thingsAsking yes / no and information questionsComparing people, places, and thingsOrdering food in a restaurantExpressing abilities Intermediate Level Making predictionsComparing and contrasting people, places, and thingsDescribing spatial and time relationsRelating past eventsExpressing opinionsShowing preferences  Making suggestionsAsking for and giving adviceDisagreeing  Asking for a favor Advanced Level Persuading someoneGeneralizing about topicsInterpreting dataHypothesizing and speculatingSummarizing  Sequencing a presentation or speech Grammar-Based Learning or Function-Based Learning? Some courses try to focus on only functional based English. However, I find these courses fall short as the focus is often on NOT speaking about grammar. Unfortunately, students need explanations. Focusing only on function can turn into an exercise of just memorizing specific phrases for specific situations. Mixing the two gradually as students improve their understanding of the underlying grammar will help students put appropriate phrases into use to obtain their functional goals.

Civilization depends on the repression of instincts. How would Kant Essay

Civilization depends on the repression of instincts. How would Kant and Nietzsche respond to this statement - Essay Example The first ideal denotes the Kantian epitome of a republican civilization, while the other culture is categorized by Nietzsche’s Dionysian concept of confusion. The main variation amid these two kinds of cultures stems from the role of the individual in their organizations, which opens the way for the debate on ethical philosophy and its connection with consideration of the normal world (Owen) (Bennett) (sapere-aude). It is evident that Civilization comes as a result of human interaction with nature, administering it to work to his advantage. This stages the fact that humans are in constant trial to look for ways to ease our mandatory tasks in the environment. The process however involves gradual change of simple systems in place, to a more societal complex system. With a complex system in place, more ideas emerge to even simplify the complexity and thereby additional developments come in handy. This illustrates that civilization is a continuous process. This paper talks on the sway of the moral philosophies discipline of Kant and Nietzsche, which is inspired by their dogmatic thoughts. The discussion is divided into two chapters to deal with the subject. The first section examines the concept of knowledge centered on classical understanding of the disciplines and metaphysics. This explains that the classical origin of natural sciences in addition to metaphysical inferences regarding the nature of authenticity, which shapes Kant’s work (Nietzsche 90). Section two replicates Nietzsche’s probe concerning the significance of morality grounded in metaphysics and conventional science. This study opposes that Nietzsche’s designs, in relation to the fact that civilization is subject to the domination of instincts, are symptomatic of his reflections through representational world-view which he replicates in an imaginative expression. Kant was popular for his proclivity to reason and possession of a logical command. This explains the fusion of natural and

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example The pure theories of ethics reveal an extreme characteristic, and they are traditional. Neither complete dedication towards profit nor total social service would help any business in the present scenario. In the modern days the hybrid theories of ethics are the most prevalent. It is when ethics has to be followed and profits have to be saved. Andy has to prioritise tasks but cannot eliminate any aspect because both are significant. He and his team have to assist customers in handling the coffee cups and lids. Suppliers need to be informed regarding the latest occurrences, and employees should be involved in decision-making. Organisations following ethics not only to reap profits, but also deliver excellent services to customers, serve the society and make their employees proud. Ethical Dilemma Faced by Andy This study is based on the theme of business ethics in hospitality or tourism. The aim of this study is to discuss and evaluate the case study of Global Coffee House, owned by And y, and analyse the ethical dilemmas that Andy had to face. This will also assist in identifying what probable solutions he could identify, and what were the implications of such consideration. It was found that due to poor quality of hot cups and lids a customer was badly burnt due to coffee spill. The customer was taken to hospital and John, Andy’s assistant, apologised. However Andy was in ethical dilemma after knowing the matter because they engaged a new supplier to offer hot cups and lids at low cost, so as to decrease cost and support the expense of refurbishment. Andy was in dilemma, whether to offer good cups and lids to customer even if it is costly, as this will assist in avoiding accidents. On the other hand if he supports profit making strategy then cost reduction decision was correct. He was facing mental conflict about which one to consider. Such situation is also known as ethical paradox. In Andy’s case customer safety was equally important as refurbishm ent because Nancy already had a first-degree burn. Moreover, there were thousands of unused cups and lids in the storeroom and they had also made a contract with the supplier. Possible Decisions and their Implications Andy was into ethical dilemma because he cannot decide whether to dismiss thousands of cups and lids in storage and the contract with the new supplier, for protecting the goodwill of his coffee shop and the customers from accidents, or to ignore it. There were several options for him, which can be better explained with the help of ethical theories. According to the theory of Adam Smith, competitors always take undue advantage of the weaknesses of other players in the industry. Capitalism theory also supports the fact that profitability is everything in business, and there is no room for ethics here. Even the theory stated by Karl Max emphasises on profit maximisation. Following the above mentioned theories, Andy should ignore the accident thinking that it was just a mi shap, and will not happen again, and then the suppliers would be happy, refurbishment can be done. In case Socialism theory is chosen, then product safety would be priority as social welfare comes first. Following such ethical theory, Andy would ethically choose to consider customer safety. Apart from this, his relationship with the

Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes Essay The dialogue and narrative probably the clearest and most noticed contrast between both stories.  In the story Silver Blaze, the narrator is Dr. Watson who tells the events within the story as he interprets it. Although this story is written in first person, the first person isnt the main character. Watson describes the moment tells the reader about the surroundings, the mood and anticipating thoughts from Watson. Due to Watsons sideline he is always telling us Holmes expressions trying to give understand what he is thinking. It is because Holmes is not the narrator that we do not find out what he is thinking at the moment, the reader finds out when Watson finds out. This is because as Sherlock Holmes discovers information, or forms a theory, Dr. Watson only finds out what Holmes knows when Holmes tells Watson, consequently to this, you as a reader will always have restricted access to the thoughts of Holmes and whats happening in the story. In Finger Man the narrator is Phillip Marlow, the difference being that in this story hes the main character of the story, so the reader experiences what he does and knows where his is going or what he is thinking. In a certain view you are interacting with the character and are told everything during the moment. It gives the reader a feeling of trust between you and the narrator (Phillip Marlow), this adds to the enjoyment of the story. Unlike Silver Blaze where the narrator isnt the main character, where Holmes does most of the thinking, and the only purpose of Watson is to record what Holmes is doing. Finger man is in a completely different to Silver Blaze in terms of narrative style. These two stories differ in plot as well. Silver blaze is much more straightforward; theres an introduction, middle and end. Its set out very simply you are given all the information on a plate, where as in Finger man, the action starts from the beginning. You start right in the middle of all the action when you start reading. Finger Man has many twist and turns, but Silver Blaze is just one straight line, where all the information comes together with an unpredictable ending.  Sherlock Holmes and Phillip Marlow are very different characters. Holmes is intelligent, analytical, methodical and private. Marlow also speaks his mind, but hes more ruthless, independent, a risk taker, and very streetwise. Holmes and Marlow are very intelligent, and always solve the case, but they solve them in very different ways. Holmes uses his mental/intellectual strength. Hes very calm, but tackles his problem with mental skills and will only resort to violence if it necessary. Marlow is an opposite. He takes risks that he has studied and thought about considerably before acting on it, but occasionally he acts on instinct making his behaviour unpredictable. Holmes is polite and sticks to the rules of the law. Holmes also cant resist explaining things, and he only speaks when hes ready, but when he speaks, he makes a long explanation. Marlows conversations are fast, brief, and to the point. He speaks what is on his mind and doesnt care what other people think. Marlow seems more like a tough guy, than a calm, composed detective like Holmes. Bending the rules is one thing Marlow doesnt really mind doing, hell do what he has to do, to solve the case. If it means hitting another person, or shooting someone, hell do it. The setting within the stories suggest stereotypical views of the surroundings and atmosphere giving the reader a whereabouts and extra dimension to the story. In Silver Blaze I imagined a dreary setting in the countryside, where it rains often and there isnt much form of transportation or communication. In Finger Man I in vision open top cars at daytime with the hot sun, but in the evening it is raining giving an eerie sense of things taking place.  our rate at present is fifty three and a half miles an hour. The telegraph posts upon this line are 60 yards apart, and the calculation is a simple one

Spinal Stenosis Essays -- Disease/Disorders

The spine is made up of bones known as the vertebrae which are each separated by discs that serve to reduce the impact that movement may have on the spinal column thus acting as a movable support structure. The spine is made up of seven vertebrae in the neck known as the cervical spine, twelve vertebrae in the mid-back known as the thoracic spine and 5 vertebrae in the low back known as the lumbar spine. There is a hollow space that runs down the middle of each vertebra that contains the spinal cord known as the spinal canal. The spinal nerves exit the spinal canal via the intervertebral foramen. It is imperative that these canals maintain enough room to support the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Spinal stenosis occurs when the canals narrow causing irritation or pressure on the spinal cord or the spinal nerves, depending on which area of the spine is affected. As the canals narrow, there is less space for the spinal cord and nerves to move without restraint. Spinal stenosis is a de generative condition that can occur in any area of the spine, although it is most prevalent in the lumbar area. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a reduction in the dimension of the central or lateral lumbar spinal canal that occurs most frequently as a result of chronic degenerative changes (Celik et al., 2012). The narrowing may be caused by either congenital or acquired etiologies, or in some rare cases, both. Congenital stenosis is also known as primary stenosis which occurs during postnatal development meaning it is seen at birth. Acquired stenosis or secondary stenosis occurs after the normal development of the spine in which the narrowing occurs due to an acquired condition such as degenerative stenosis, spinal instability or trauma. As the aged po... ...udy of a clinical diagnosis support tool for lumbar spinal stenosis. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 14, 711-718. Landi, A., Tarantino, R., Marotta, N., Ruggeri, A.G., Domenicucci, M., Giudice, L., Martini, S., Rastelli, M., Ferrazza, G., De Luca, N., et al. (2011). The use of platelet gel in postero-lateral fusion: preliminary results in a series of 14 cases. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 20 Suppl 1, S61-67. Miyakoshi, N., Hongo, M., Kasukawa, Y., Ishikawa, Y., and Shimada, Y. (2011). Prevalence, Spinal Alignment, and Mobility of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with or without Chronic Low Back Pain: A Community-Dwelling Study. Pain research and treatment 2011, 340629.

Crude Distillation Unit

A REPORT ON CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION BY Mudit 2010A1PS349P Amanpreet Singh 2010B4A1356P Rishu Gupta 2010A1PS401P AT IOCL REFINERY, GUWAHATI A Practice School-I station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI July, 2012 PREFACE We feel immense pleasure in presenting before you this final report on our PS-1 program IOCL Guwahati refinery. This report encompasses a comprehensive discussion of what we learnt on this program. The report starts with a brief introduction about the organization i. e. IOCL Guwahati refinery.We have kept discussion in this section brief to focus more on our Project ‘Heat exchange and integration in CDU ’. The main report is divided into 4 sections. To start with, the first Section is a basic introduction to Crude distillation unit, its process and products. Heat exchange is among the most important activity for crude distillation units. The 2nd part of the report focuses on this heat exchange process occurring in the crude disti llation unit of Guwahati refinery. Necessary data regarding all the heat exchangers has been provided in a tabular manner to make understanding easier.The concept of critical heat exchanger is introduced subsequently in the 3rd section along with the case study of some important heat exchangers of the process. Heat duty &other calculations presented in this section for heat exchangers are clearly explained in step by step manner along with formulas used. Through these calculations we have tried to analyze whether these exchangers are working efficiently. In the Last part of the report we have given an introduction to ‘heat integration’ one of the most important tool for increasing energy efficiency of a process.Points discussed about heat integration in this section are: Meaning, Importance, its need in CDU, Tools. We have concluded this part with an example of heat integration done in 2010 in pre-heat train of CDU, showing how it helped saving energy & increasing effic iency. A final conclusion and glossary are provided to sum up the report. We hope you have a good time reading this report and find it informative and useful. Mudit, Amanpreet & Rishu Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTA comprehensive report always requires the goodwill, encouragement, guidance and support of many people so we would like to start by thanking our college BITS pilani for initiating program like ps-1 thereby giving us the opportunities to visit real time industries and learn by working on hand in organizations as big as IOCL. Our sincere thanks to Mr. B K Das, CPNM and Mr. P S Sonowal for assigning us this important project on heat integration in refinery and getting us in contact with the required person in each unit. Without their help this whole program would not have been possible.We are indebted by the constant support and mentoring provided by Mr. Vijay Kumar, TS for the preparation of this report. Also, we take this opportunity to thank all the chief engineers, and workers we have met in different units who have received us with open hearts and helped us in learning the vast array of knowledge that a refinery holds. Mr. E Edmund of CDU, Mr. A. Bairagi of OM&S are just the few of these names with whom we shared numerous informative talks which finally went into the preparation of this report. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to IOCL administration for providing us with necessary data nd making our stay a pleasant one. Thanks to our families & friends for their constant support and encouragement throughout the period of preparation of this report. It goes without saying that we are sincerely grateful to our instructor, Mr. Prasantha G for coordinating this ps-1 program and giving us opportunity to present before him this report. Thank you all Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS S No. Topic Page No. Preface Acknowledgement List of Illustrations Abstract 2 3 5 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Introduction IOCL Guwahati refinery Production Units of Guwahati refinery 6 7 8 9 2. 1Crude Distillation Unit CDU : Process Description 11 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 CDU Pre-heat Train (Heat exchange Process) Introduction Shell & tube Heat exchanger Pre-heat train : Description 15 16 17 Heat Exchanger Performance Calculation Critical heat exchangers Performance analysis: Examples ? S-25A/B ? S-11C ? S-23A/B 22 23 23 25 27 Heat Integration Heat Integration : Introduction Heat Integration in CDU ? Need for heat integration in CDU ? Heat integration in Guwahati Refinery ? Example from pre-heat train 30 32 32 32 33 Conclusions References Bibliography Glossary 35 36 37 38 4. 1 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2 Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION NO. DESCRIPTION 1. 2. 1 1. 3. 1 IOCL Indian market share Table showing Production units 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 CDU flow diagram Table Showing CDU product properties 3. 2. 1 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 Types of Shell Tube heat e xchanger Pre-heat train flow diagram Table Showing cold section heat exchangers Table Showing mid section heat exchangers Table Showing hot section heat exchangers 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 4. 2. 1 – 4. 2. 3 4. 2. 4 – 4. 2. 6 4. 2. 7 – 4. 2. 7 5. 1. 1 5. 2. 1 5. 2. 2 Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-25A/B Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-11CProperties, Design data, Practical data of S-23A/B Steps of Heat Integration Heat integration in Pre-heat train S-11/c before & after heat integration Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 5 ABSTRACT Title of the Project: CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION Key Words: Crude distillation, Heat exchange, Heat integration, CDU-Pre heat train Project Areas: Heat exchange, Process design & optimization, Energy Abstract: In this work is on Crude distillation unit in a refinery & discusses the heat exchange process in it and introduction of the concept of heat integration which is of wide importance in CDU .CDU is used for crude fractionation and requires a temperature of 354 oC. To increase the temperature of crude 2 step process is used; heat exchange with product streams & furnace. In the shell & tube type heat exchangers of Guwahati refinery Low temperature crude exchanges heat with high temperature streams of SRGO, RCO etc. in 3 stages(cold , mid, hot). The performance of some of these heat exchangers have a major impact on production and are classified as ‘Critical' on the basis of different criteria like frequent fouling, Large surface area.Calculation of heat duty, LMTD of some of these heat exchangers(s/15, S/23a-b,s-24) is done using design & practical data to check whether they are working efficiently as compared to design. Heat integration is an important concept to increase energy efficiency of process through heat recovery. Tools like pinch analysis are used in high energy demanding units like CDU to optimize the Heat Exchanger Network for maximum efficiency. Analy sis of past heat integration done in Pre heat train of CDU is taken as an example for analysis. Signature(s) of Students(s) Date Signature of PS Faculty DateBirla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 6 1. 1 INTRODUCTION This Report is an analysis of the one of the most key elements of any crude distillation unit i. e. ‘Heat Exchange’ & ‘Heat integration’. The report is based on Work in CDU of Guwahati refinery. Crude distillation units are used for the fractionation of crude into more valuable products using their difference in boiling points. Increase in temp for distillation us achieved in 2 steps; first step is the heat exchange of crude with product streams at high temperatures. In the next step a furnace is used to further elevate the temperature.Our main point of discussion in this report is the first step of heat exchange called the Pre-heat train. The pre-heat train consists of 3 sections: Cold, Mid & hot. The purpose of each section is t o recover heat from hot product stream of RCO, SRGO etc and supply it to crude through a shell-tube type heat exchanger. The details about various heat exchanger used in process are presented in the report. Performance of some heat exchanger is more critical on overall heat exchange than others; these heat exchangers are classified as ‘Critical heat exchangers'. Constant monitoring of efficiency of these heat exchangers needs to be done.As Example calculations like heat duty, LMTD is done in this report for some of these critical heat exchangers (S-11C, S-23A/B) to check their efficiency. Crude distillation is an energy intensive process. With increasing oil costs, the focus is to maximize energy recovery. One way to do this is ‘heat integration' which is a technique to design a process to minimise energy consumption. Tools like pinch analysis are used for obtain an optimized heat exchanger network for heat integration in CDU. The retrofitting of the HEN in CDU is taken as case study in report to realize importance of heat integration.Meaning of all the key terms used in the report can be found in the Glossary. Necessary data used in the report has been obtained through manuals & officials of Guwahati refinery. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 7 1. 2 IOCL GUWAHATI REFINERY ? IOCL Indian Oil Corporation limited is largest state owned company in terms of revenue having ‘Maharatna’ status. It is ranked 98th in the Fortune global 500 listing. It’s biggest player in Indian downstream oil & Gas sector and operates10 of India's 21 refineries with refining capacity of 65. 7 MMTPA.Major ones are Panipat, Mathura, Guwahati, Gujrat, Haldia etc. Its products are Petrol, Diesel, LPG (Indane), ATF, lubricants, Naphtha, Kerosene etc. (1. 2. 1) Sector (India) IOCL Share Petroleum products 49% Refining capacity 37% Downstream pipelines 67% ? Guwahati Refinery Guwahati refinery is the first public sector refinery of India com missioned in 1962. It had an initial capacity of 0. 75 MMTPA which was extended to 1 MMTPA in 1986. Guwahati Refinery receives the raw crude from Oil India Limited & has a product line to Siliguri. Final products of Guwahati Refinery are Motor spirit (MS), ATF, Kerosene, LPG, Diesels, Petroleum Coke Sulphur. It’s an environmentally Conscious refinery with modern effluent treatment facilities, Stack gas monitoring, Products with strict environmental specifications like BS-3 & BS-4. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 8 1. 3 PRODUCTION UNITS ? Shown below in the table are the various production units of Guwahati refinery along with their use, feed & products(1. 3. 1): Unit Purpose Feed Output CDU Separation of Crude into useful products by distillation. Raw CrudeLPG , Naphtha, RCO, Kero-1 &2 DCU Thermal Cracking to obtain useful products from higher ends RCO CK, CGO, CFO, RFO and RPC HGU Production of hydrogen Light Naphtha (LN) Hydrogen INDMAX FCC unit for m aximizing LPG production from residual stocks. CFO, CK, RCO LPG & Gasoline Quality improvement of Diesel, ATF by removing sulphur. SRGO, KERO 1 &2 BS 3 Diesel, ATF, SKO HDT Improving Octane No. of MS by Hydrotreating & Isomerization LN Isomerate (MS) HDT off gases Elemental Sulphur _ _ Waste water Effluent free water MSQU Recovering Sulphur SRU OM ETP Crude & product storage, Pumping & blendingTreatment of waste water to remove oil and suspended solids Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 9 CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 10 2 CDU: Process Description INTRODUCTION Crude distillation unit or CDU in short is first & most important unit for any refinery. It’s called the ‘Mother unit’ as its products forms the feed of other units. CDU receives its crude from OM (oil movement and supply section) where it is supplied by Oil India Ltd from upper Assam oil fields. Incoming crude has following properties (2. 1 . 1): PropertyDensity at 15 oC Water content Salt content(ppm) Sulphur content(ppm) Value 0. 8735 2. 05% 8. 7 0. 29 CDU then stripes the crude into various products like kero1, kero2, reduced crude oil, LPG, heavy gasoline and light gasoline using the distillation principle of difference in boiling points. KEY FACTS ? ? ? Installed in 1962. Revamped and modernized in 1986 & 2000. Capacity of 1MMTPA but currently processing 1. 3 MMTPA It’s an Atmospheric distillation unit (ATU) PROCESS DESCRIPTION A brief description of the different processes taking place in CDU is given on next page (2. 1. 2): 1.Pre heating train before Desalter: Crude is pumped by pumps P1/1A at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 through a series of heat exchangers where its temperature is elevated to 130o C. Crude is gaining heat in these exchangers from pre fractionated overhead vapours(in s-26), RCO( in s-29), SR Kero1 etc. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 11 2. Desalter: Demulsifier mixed crud e is fed at 130 o C to Desalter (v-101) where it is mixed with water through a mixing valve. The salt in crude dissolves in water and separated from the oil. Salt free crude on the other hand is pumped to Pre-topping column (CL-1) though 2 safety valves. 3.Pre-topping Column (CL-1): The average temperature of crude before entering pretopping column is 238 oC (achieved through heat exchange). The purpose of this column is to remove the straight run (SR) light gasoline and LPG from overhead and reduce the load on the main fractionating column. Shown below is the Flow diagram of CDU(2. 1. 1): 4. Atmospheric furnace (C 1 A): the crude coming from CL-1 bottom at 246 oC is fed to furnace. Furnace is fired by fuel oil (FO), Fuel gas (FG) or a mix of both supplied by DCU. The crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main fractionators’ column. 5.Main Fractionators column (CL-2): It’s the most important part of CDU. Cl-2 i s where the actual distillation is taking place crude is separated into different products of different cut. Stripping stream enters at the bottom. The various subsystems of CL-1 are: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 12 a) Overhead system: The overhead of the column of the water and the Straight rum Heavy Gasoline (SRHG) are separated. b) Stripper column: A stripping column (CL-3) is attached to the main fractionating column . Its function is to strip apart (separate) kero1, kero 2 and straight run gas oil coming from main fractionating column. ) CL-2 Bottom Section: The remaining crude oil called as the reduced crude oil (RCO) comes out of the bottom of CL-2. RCO forms the feed of DCU 6. Light Gasoline /Heavy Gasoline Processing System: Un-stabilized light gasoline from CDU pre-toping column is stabilized in the stabilizer where LPG is recovered from it while heavy gasoline is split in the two naphtha splitter to separate LN (Light Naphtha), RN (Reformer Naphth a) and HN (Heavy Naphtha). The table below shows properties of the Products formed in the CDU(2. 1. 2): LN TBP cut HN Kero 1 Kero 2 SRGO RCO 65-135 135-165 165-190 190-300 300-370 370+ 11. 27 4. 90 8. 16 12. 11 22. 16 9. 7 0. 731 0. 786 0. 806 0. 866 0. 866 0. 9542 range Yield (% of crude) Density Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 13 CDU PRE-HEAT TRAIN (HEAT EXCHANGE IN CDU) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 14 3. 1 INTRODUCTION As we have seen the temperature of the Crude oil needs to increase to 354 oC in CDU. This section is a discussion on how this is achieved. Why Crude needs to be heated in CDU? The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. Crude Distillation Unit is used to strip this crude into various products using the difference in their boiling points.Therefore for distillation to take place the temperature of the Crude has to be elevated to around 354 oC so that all the fractions of cr ude oil can vaporize and get separated. How Temperature of Crude is increased in CDU? The Temperature increase of Crude oil consists of 2 major steps: 1. A 3 Stage Heat exchange (called CDU pre-heat train) of crude with product streams at high temperatures using shell & tube type heat exchangers. This step results in crude being supplied at 246 oC (elevated from ambient) to the next step ‘The atmospheric Furnace’. 2. The atmospheric furnace (C-1A) is then used to further elevate the temperature.Modes of heat transfer in furnace are both convective and radiative the crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main distillation column (CL-2). Furnace alone is not used because it would to too expensive and Energy consuming. By exchanging heat with products, the pre-heat train is serving twin purpose; The Crude is being heated at the same the temperatures of product streams of SRGO, RCO, KERO is brought down which was nee ded for their storage. This heat would have otherwise been wasted. Our point of discussion in this report is the First step i. e. The Heat exchanger Network’ which we will now study in detail. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 15 3. 2 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER The Pre heat train uses shell & tube type heat exchager for heat transfer. ? It consist of two main things as its name implies Shell & Tubes ? The shell is a large vessel with a number of tubes inside it. ? The principle of operation: Two fluids of different temperatures are brought into close contact but they are not mixing with each other. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.The temperature of the two fluids will tend to equalize. The heat is simply exchanged from one fluid to the other and vice versa. No energy is added or removed. Common types of shell and tube exchangers: Birla Institute of Technol ogy & Science Pilani 333031 16 3. 3 PRE-HEAT TRAIN: Description Our point of discussion in this report is first step of the 2 stages used for raising the temperature of crude i. e. the Heat exchanger network in which heat transfer occurs between crude and product streams of RCO, SRGO, and Kero 1. This network is also called the CDU pre-heat train.In this process the temperature of the crude is elevated form ambient conditions at which it is supplied from OM to 246oC. The heat needed for this is coming from the product streams which are at high temperatures. Dual purpose is served in this way: heating of crude as well as the cooling of product streams (needed for their storage). The pre-heat train is divided into three sections on the basis of temperature of crude flowing through them: 1. COLD section 2. MID section 3. HOT Section Shown below is the flow diagram of the CDU pre heat train (3. 3. 1): Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 17 1.Cold Section (before Desalt er): The crude from battery limit is pumped by pumps P-1/1A at about 15. 8 Kg/cm2 through a preheat train where it is heated to a temperature of 130 ? C before entering the Desalter (V-101). The following table shows the shell side & tube side streams of all exchanger in this section along with their inlet-outlet temperatures (3. 3. 2):Exchanger Service Shell Tube Total Surface area Heat Duty Temperature shell tube I O I O S-26 Gasoline Crude 300 x 1 2. 11 107 90 40 65 S-29 RCO Crude 171 x 1 0. 47 116 100 54 60. 3 S-12A Crude Kero 2 148 x 1 0. 92 60. 3 72. 6 130 82 S-27A/B Crude SRGO 183 x 2 1. 39 72. 5 0. 3 173 85 S-7 Kero 2 Crude 93 x1 1. 48 199 130 90. 3 109 S-11A/B RCO Crude 134 x 3 1. 49 165 115 109 122 2. Mid Section (Between Desalter and pre-topping column): The crude from the Desalter is pumped by pump P-21 A/B and divided equally into 2 streams (Train A & B) for further heating before entering the Pre-topping column. P-21A/B? Train â€Å"A†: S-24, S-9A, S-23A/B, S-9B /C, S-22 CL-1 Train â€Å"B†: S-4A/B, S-12B, S-25A/B The crude in train A is preheated by hot-streams of SR Gas Oil (in S-24), RCO (in S-9A, S-23A/B), SR Gas Oil (in S-9B/C), RCO (in S-22) to about 236 ? C. While the crude in Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 18 train B is preheated by SR kero circulating Reflux (CR) (in S-4A/B, S-12B) and RCO (in S-25A/B) to about 240 ? C. Desalted crude from both Train A and Train B streams are combined before entering the pre-topping column. Mixed preheat temperature achievable is around 238 ? C at which it is fed to pre-topping Column. Below is the table showing heat exchangers of mid section (3. 3. 3) Exchanger Shell Service Tube Total area Surface Heat Duty Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-9A Desalted Crude RCO S-23A/B RCO S-9B/C SRGO S-22 RCO S-4A/B Desalted Crude Desalted Crude RCO S-24 S-12B S-25A/B O I O SRGO – 0. 0 122 138 214 173 Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Kero CR 149 x 1 0. 61 184 195 138 152 148 x 2 1. 93 241 184 153 195 82 x 2 0. 54 272 214 195 218 149 x 1 0. 91 320 296 218 236 148 x 2 1. 67 122 161 190 164 Kero CR 148 x 2 1. 8 161 198 216 190 Desalted Crude 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 297 283 228 223 3. Hot Section (At CL-1 Bottom): The topped crude from CL-1 bottoms is pumped by pumps P-2/2A to exchangers S16/S-9D in series, where it is heated by SR Gas Oil Circulatory reflux. It then passes to exchanger number S-11C and further to S-21 where it is heated by Reduced Crude Oil (RCO) to about 246?C. At this Temperature pre topped crude enters Atmospheric furnace (C-1A). The table on next page gives details about every heat exchanger in this section (3. 3. 4). Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 19 Exchanger Service Shell Total area Surface Heat Duty Tube Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-16/9D SRGO CR S-21 RCO S-11C RCO Skimmed crude Skimmed crude Skimmed crude O I O 186 x 2 2. 16 291 250 197 257 175 x 1 0. 61 336 320 239 246 134 x 3 1. 49 336 320 239 246 Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 20 HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE CALCULATION Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 21 4. 1 CRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER The critical heat exchangers are identified as the ones whose performance has a major impact on heat exchange rate, Production rate, product quality or environmental and health issues. Problem or inefficiency in any of the critical exchanger has a severe effect on overall heat exchange process occurring in the crude distillation unit. The engineers need to see that these exchangers are working efficiently for smooth running of the process (Though efficiency monitoring is important for every exchanger but the most attention has to be paid for Critical heat exchangers).Criteria for Classification: 1. Fouling: is accumulation of unwanted material of heat exchanger surface is called fouling. Fouling is inevitable in heat exchanger but certain heat exchangers are more prone to fouling than others. The se exchangers foul in short intervals and need to be cleaned frequently. Their regular maintenance is very necessary for the heat exchange process. E. g. is S-11/C in hot section is prone to frequent fouling. 2. Large surface area: Some heat exchanger have a very large heat transfer area which means they have a large contribution in total heat exchange taking place.Their inefficiency or by-passing them would have a vital effect of final crude temperature. For example S-23 A/B in the mid section of heat exchanger trains. 3. Single heat exchanger in line: If a heat exchanger is single heat exchanger in the line like the one used in circulating reflux then it cannot be stopped or by-passed. For any maintenance work on them the whole unit has to shut down. Example is S16/9D. In next section the basic performance measurement calculations like heat, Duty, LMTD, Heat transfer coefficient is done for some of these critical heat exchangers. Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 33303 1 22 4. 2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: Examples This section analyzes the performances of some main heat exchangers of pre-heat train through calculation of simple performance measurement tools like Heat duty, LMTD & Heat transfer coefficient. The definitions & formulas for these tools can be found in glossary at the end of the report. 1) S-25 A/B ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Mid ? Properties: Exchanger no. S-25A/B Service Shell No. of passes Shell Tube Tube RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 Total Surface area Heat Sq. M x no. of Duty element 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 (4. 2. 1) ? Design Data: Shell 54554 55454 296 241 (I) (O) 49. (uncorrected) Total flow (Kg/h) Operating temperature (? C) LMTD (? C) Tube 77586 77586 197. 7 240. 5 (I) (O) 47. 1 (corrected) (4. 2. 2) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr S-25A/B Service Temperature,  °C Shell Tube Post M Shell side I 297. 5 O 283. 7 Tube side I O 231. 9 245 Nov 11 Exchanger No. 263 253 198 RCO crude 203 (4. 2. 3) ? Calculations: 1. Heat D uty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 23 2. Heat Duty (practical): 559336 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD (practical): 1. 01 4. LMTD (practical): 52. 12 (uncorrected), 51. 7(corrected) ? Observation The practical heat transfer of 559336 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr. ? Conclusions 1. The exchanger is not working efficiently 2. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 24 2) S-11/C ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Hot ? Properties: It’s a critical heat exchanger because of the frequent fouling Service Exchanger no. Shell Tube S-11C RCO PreDesalter No. of passes Shell Tube 1 2 Total Surface area Sq. m x no. of lement 134 x 3 Heat Duty 1. 49 (4. 2. 4) ? Design data: Shell Tube Total flow (Kg/h) 54554 55454 155171 Operating temperature (? C) 336 (I) 320 (O) 239 (I) LMTD (? C) _ 1551 71 246 (O) _ (4. 2. 5) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate: 59871. 5 Exchanger No. S-11C Service Shell Tube RCO Skimmed Crude Post M Nov ‘11 Temperature,  °C Shell side Tube side I O I O 327 315 257. 8 263 330. 2 275 231 255 (4. 2. 6) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 25 ? Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 6295320 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 597382. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD(practical) = 0. 75 4. LMTD (practical): 82. 84 (uncorrected), 80. 79(corrected) ? Observations: Heat transfer at present is 597382. 7 Kcal/hr which is satisfactory as compared to design heat transfer of 6295320. ? Conclusions: The present performance of the heat exchanger is satisfactory as compared to design. This little variation in the design heat duty and practical heat duty is due to variation in value of Cp of RCO with temperature. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 26 3) S-23A/B ? Type : Shell & Tube ? Section: Mid (Train A) ? Properties: It is an critical heat exchager becase of its large heat transfer areaService Total Surface area No. of passes Shell Tube Shell Tube (Sq. m x no. of element) RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 148 x 2 Heat Duty 1. 93 (4. 2. 7) ? Design Data: Property Shell Tube Total Flow (Kg/h) Temperature (? C) I 54554 241. 0 O 54554 184. 0 I 77585 152. 70 O 77585 195. 0 Specific Heat (Kcal/kg-? C) 0. 646 0. 597 0. 566 0. 617 LMTD (? C) 38. 21 35. 6 (4. 2. 8) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr Temperature  °C Service Shell RCO Tube crude Shell side Post M Nov ‘11 Tube side I 260. 2 O 230 I 145. 7 O 178. 8 253 230 142 160 (4. 2. 9) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 27 Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 1932602. 7 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor: 4. LMTD (practical): (uncorrected), (corrected) ? Observations The pra ctical heat transfer of 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 1932602. 7. The value of LMTD on the other hand is actually higher in case of practical situation ? Conclusions The heat exchanger is not working efficiently. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger even after having a high LMTD value.Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 28 HEAT INTEGRATION Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 29 4. 1 HEAT INTEGRATION: Introduction In Today’s process industries like Guwahati refinery increasing energy efficiency is of prime importance. With the rising costs of input like crude, power the process has to be designed to have maximum energy recovery so as to reduce the costs. Heat integration is one of the ways to achieve this. 1. MEANING Heat integration is technique for designing a process to minimise energy consumption and maximise heat recovery.Its part of the broader term ‘Process integration’ which is a holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. 2. NEED FOR HEAT INTEGRATION Heat integration can lead to substantial reduction in the energy requirements of a process thus saving costs. It’s the answer to following questions: ? Are the existing processes as energy efficient as they should be? ? What changes can be made to increase energy efficiency without incurring any costs? What is the most important utility mix for the process? What investments can be made to increase energy efficiency? ? How to put energy efficiency & other targets like emission reduction, increasing plant capacity into one coherent strategic plan? 3. TOOLS FOR HEAT INTEGRATION ? Pinch Analysis The term pinch technology was introduced by Linnhoff to represent a set of the rmodynamics based tools that that guarantee minimum energy levels in design of heat exchanger networks. Pinch Technology provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in processes & total sites. Its prime objective is to provide energy saving by better process heat integration. Here are some of its key features:Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 30 1. Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. 2. Pinch analysis is applicable for both new design as well as the retrofit systems. 3. It was developed for crude distillation systems but is now applicable to large number of process industries. 4. In addition to energy conservation Pinch technology provides general improvements 5. Some famous Pinch softwares are Pinch ExpressTM, Aspen PinchTM & SuperTargetTM ? Retrofit analysis Retrofit analysis is done to in old process processes to see what modifications suggested by pinch analysis are most suitable for the project.It looks into the optimization of the p rocess through energy capital trade off. In oil refining, retrofit designs are far more common than grass root applications. The retrofit targets are preferably achieved by re-using existing equipment more efficiently rather than installing new equipments and incurring new costs. 4. STEPS IN HEAT INTEGRATION Shown below are the different steps of heat integration (5. 1. 1) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 31 5. 2 HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU 1. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU Distillation is the largest single energy consumer in the Refinery.Large section of oil is spent in fuelling the CDU itself. It is energy intensive process as the temperature of the crude has to be elevated to a high temperature of 354 oC. This increase in temperature is achieved by exchanging heat in various heat exchangers between crude and streams of RCO, SR Gasoline, Kero 2 etc which are at high temperature. Heat integration focuses on achieving maximum energy recovery from these strea ms through an optimized HEN so that the crude can be supplied at highest possible temperature to the furnace, thus saving energy.A recent development in distillation technology has shown potential savings of up to 15-40 % through the heat? integrated exchanger network (pre-heat train) & distillation column. 2. HEAT INTEGRATION AT CDU GUWAHTI REFINEY What has been done? 1. The basis of heat integration in heat exchange process is putting process hot streams in thermal contact with process cold streams. We have already seen how product hot streams of RCO, SRGO etc at high temperature are used to exchange heat with the crude oil at low temperature. 2.Designing of an Optimized Heat Exchanger Network in pre-heat train using heat integration tools like pinch analysis & retrofit analysis in July 2010. This design allows maximum energy heat recovery. What can be done? 1. Using heat integrated distillation columns. HIDC can save energy by recovering excess heat from the rectifying section fo r usage in the stripping section. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 32 2. Seeing the interactions of HEN and distillation column and applying combined heat integration for whole unit.

Tampakan Mining – Case Study

Tampakan Project Sustainability Report 2010 Contents 1 1 2 4 6 10 12 16 20 22 About the Tampakan Copper Gold Project Map of operations Executive General Manager’s message General Manager’s message Targets and Scorecard Scope of the report Our sustainable development strategy and corporate governance Corporate governance and Sustainable Development management system Our economic contributions Case study: Training in high-value crop production boosts income, prepares farmers for Tampakan Project 24Our people and their workplace 24 Employing locally 24 Employee training and education 25 Labor relations 25 Non-discrimination policy 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 31 Safety and Health behavioral based Safety (bbS) Safest mine award Occupational health Health control and services Health and hygiene monitoring First Aid and emergency response Health promotion and awareness Health impact assessment Case study: Hazard reporting Case study: Tampakan Project promotes safety culture inside and out 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 35: 36 37Sustainable communities Corporate Social Involvement Socio-economic sustainability Environment programs Cultural sustainability Stakeholder consultation and engagement Community sustainability management systems Community grievance Free and Prior Informed Consent and resettlement Artisanal and small-scale mining Case study: mobile Community Information and Resource Center Case study: SMI supports innovative education programs Case study: SMI trains barangay health workers 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 42 43 43 43 45 46 47Environmental performance Environmental incidents Reforestation program Environmental Management System Environmental Impact Assessment Water management biodiversity Climate change Waste management Energy Mine closure and rehabilitation Ongoing rehabilitation post mine closure Case study: Training on production of high-quality seedlings Case study: Study on Lake buluan completed Product stewardship Coppe r and Sustainable Development Copper and health Summary of key sustainability data Global Reporting Initiative Index Glossary About Xstrata plcXstrata is a global diversified mining group, listed on the London and Swiss stock exchanges. Headquartered in Zug, Switzerland, Xstrata maintains a meaningful position in seven major international commodity markets: copper, coking coal, thermal coal, ferrochrome, nickel, vanadium and zinc, with additional exposure to gold, cobalt, lead and silver. The Xstrata Group also comprises a growing platinum group metals business, iron ore projects, recycling facilities and a suite of global technology products, many of which are industry leaders. The Group’s operations and projects span 20 countries.About Xstrata Copper Xstrata Copper is the world’s fourth largest copper producer. In 2010, its attributable mined production of copper contained in cathodes and concentrates reached 931,500 tonnes. It is also one of the world’s large st producers of smelter and refined copper, including from third-party materials. Headquartered in brisbane, Australia, Xstrata Copper is one of the commodity business units within the major global diversified mining group, Xstrata plc. Its mining and metallurgical operations and development projects span eight countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, PapuaNueva Guinea, Peru, the Philippines and the United States. Its operations and projects are administered through a regional divisional management structure, which ensures that critical decisions are taken close to the related businesses. Xstrata Copper also has a recycling business (Xstrata Recycling) with plants in the United States and offices in Canada and Asia. b TAMPAKAN PROJECT About the Tampakan Copper-Gold Project The Tampakan Copper-Gold Project is located on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, approximately 40 kilometers north of General Santos City.The Project is situated on the boundaries of four province s: South Cotabato, Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat and Davao del Sur, and represents one of the world’s largest undeveloped copper-gold deposits. The Tampakan Project is a 2. 4 billion metric ton deposit, containing 13. 5 million metric tons of copper and 15. 8 million ounces of gold at a 0. 3 % cut-off grade. The Project is operated by Philippine-based affiliate Sagittarius Mines, Inc. (SMI), whose 40% controlling equity is a joint venture between Xstrata Copper (62. 5%) and Indophil Resources NL (37. %). The 60% non-controlling equity shareholders of SMI are the Tampakan Mining Corporation and Southcot Mining Corporation (known as the Tampakan Group of Companies). SMI submitted the Mining Project Feasibility Study for the Tampakan Project to the Philippine government in April 2010 and is progressing with the Mine and Off-site Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). SMI expects to submit the Mine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to the government by the second half of 2011. I n December 2010, the Project employed 372 employees and 1,185 contractors.The Tampakan Project is managed by Xstrata Copper and adheres to the Xstrata Group’s industry-leading Sustainable Development (SD) Policy and Standards, business Principles, Code of Conduct and Policy on bribery, Fraud and Corruption. Map of operations Manila Catanduanes Mindoro Masbate Samar Ley te Cebu Negros Palawan MINDANAO Zamboanga Davao Tampakan General Santos SUSTAINAbILIT y REPORT 2010 1 Executive General Manager’s message Xstrata Copper’s Asia Pacific projects made significant progress in 2010, achieving a number of important milestones.The strong recovery in global demand for copper in 2010, together with robust copper prices, enabled Xstrata Copper to finish the year with a solid set of operational and financial results. The business was well positioned to take advantage of these favorable economic conditions as a result of the actions taken by our management teams during 2009 in response to the global financial crisis, including prudent cost reductions in the context of an unwavering focus on sustainable development and on our growth strategy.Xstrata Copper’s commitment to sustainable development remained firm in 2010 and was reflected in the 22 national and regional awards presented to our sites during the year for excellence in this field. At the Group level, Xstrata retained its position as Mining Sector Leader on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2010/11, for the fourth consecutive year, and was named as the Super Sector Leader for basic Resources industries. As part of the Xstrata Group, the principles of sustainable development are integral to our business model and guide our daily decision-making.We take a systematic approach to setting targets, monitoring performance and reporting, both internally and externally, against our sustainable development policy, standards and targets. Throughout the year, our sustainable development performa nce was closely monitored and evaluated by the Xstrata Copper Sustainable Development Committee. Our sites also participated in a range of internal and external audits to provide assurance against the sustainability standards of Xstrata Copper and those of the Xstrata Group.Following an annual review of our management policies, we launched an integrated Xstrata Copper Sustainable Development Policy in May which: strengthened our published position on human rights; improved the alignment between the policy objectives of the Xstrata Group, Xstrata Copper and our operations; and simplified our overall sustainable development framework. Due to the significant advancement of our project development pipeline, in early 2010 Xstrata Copper restructured the organization of our project development activities to capitalize on our regional synergies in South America and Asia Pacific.Under the new structure, Executive General Manager – Project Development South America, bob Drabik, assume d responsibility for the development our Antapaccay, Las bambas and El Pachon projects in Peru and Argentina. As Executive General Manager- Project Development Asia Pacific, I retained responsibility for the Tampakan project in the Philippines and Frieda River project in Papua New Guinea. Our Asia Pacific projects made significant progress in 2010, achieving a number of important milestones. In April, the Tampakan project submitted its Mining Project Feasibility Study to the Philippine government.The project also completed its mine site Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in December, for public consultation and submission during 2011. In addition, the project commenced the EIA process for its offsite infrastructure, including the port, power station, filter plant, transmission lines and pipelines, in the second half of the year. The Frieda River project delivered its pre-feasibility study in October 2010 and commenced a drilling program and technical studies for a feasibility stu dy which is TAMPAKAN PROJECT scheduled for completion in January 2012. The project also continued to undertake extensive environmental baseline studies and stakeholder engagement activities for its ESIA which is scheduled for completion in 2011. The health and well-being of our employees, contractors and visitors continued to be a key priority for the Asia Pacific projects throughout the year. In 2010, the projects achieved their Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) target of

Definition and Examples of Multiple Exclamation Marks

Definition and Examples of Multiple Exclamation Marks An  exclamation point  (!)  is a mark of  punctuation  used after a word, phrase, or sentence that expresses a strong emotion. It ends emphatic statements, says English Grammar Punctuation, a reference guide. William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, in their famous Elements of Style,  say that: The exclamation mark is to be reserved for after true exclamations and commands. And Merriam-Websters Guide to Punctuation and Style  notes that the exclamation point is used to mark a forceful comment or exclamation. It is also called an  exclamation mark  or tellingly, in newspaper jargon, a  shriek. These sources and others may define it with different vocabulary, but they all agree on one thing: The exclamation point is possibly the most overused punctuation mark in the English language.  Multiple exclamation points  (or marks)- two or, often, three exclamation marks  (!!!) following a word or sentence- should be even rarer still in good writing. History The exclamation point was first used by printers at the end of the 15th century, according to  Thomas MacKellar, in his 1885 book, The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. MacKellar also noted that the punctuation meant admiration or exclamation as well as surprise, astonishment, rapture, and the like sudden emotions of the mind. The mark, itself, comes from Latin, says  Smithsonian.com: In Latin, the exclamation of joy was  io,  where the i was written above the o. And, since all their letters were written as capitals, an I with an O below it looks a lot like an exclamation point. It wasn’t until 1970 that the exclamation point had its own key on the keyboard, the Smithsonian notes, adding that before that you had to type a period, and then use the backspace to go back and stick an apostrophe above it. When executives dictated to secretaries, they would say bang to indicate the exclamation point, leading to the term  interbang,  a  nonstandard punctuation  mark in the form of a question mark superimposed on an exclamation point (sometimes appearing as ?!).  It is used to end a rhetorical question or a simultaneous question and exclamation. Some writers, then, began using  multiple exclamation points  as a logical outgrowth of the interbang and single exclamation mark to add even more emphasis to words, phrases, and sentences. Purpose The use of the exclamation point- and, even more so, multiple exclamation points- has been met with plenty of controversy and criticism. Smithsonian notes this less-than-pleased response  by F. Scott Fitzgerald to the use of multiple exclamation points: â€Å"Cut out all those exclamation marks. An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.† Author Elmore Leonard was even more incensed by their use: â€Å"You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose.† Leonard also said that use of  multiple exclamation points  is the sign of a diseased mind. Still, exclamation points do have a purpose in the English language, according to the late  Rene Jack Cappon, a longtime editor at the Associated Press and author of  The Associated Press Guide to Punctuation. Cappon said that exclamation points are certainly not subtle; instead, they act like a kettle drum, noisily calling readers attention to a given word, phrase, or sentence. Echoing the very earliest use of this punctuation mark, Cappon says you should use exclamation points to convey pain, fear, astonishment, anger, and disgust, as in: â€Å" Ouch! My toes! cries one, a bowling ball dropped on his foot. Somebody  help  me! screams a damsel in distress. Look, a real unicorn! Astonishment. Get thee behind me, Satan! Rage and disgust. Cappon notes that you rarely run into emotional outbursts like these, so you should use single or multiple exclamation points sparingly. He and other grammar and punctuation experts point out that you should generally let the words speak for themselves, set off by a simple  period,  comma, or  semicolon. Otherwise, you risk damaging your credibility by constantly yelling at your readers, similar to someone screaming fire in a crowded theater, even when there is not a hint of smoke. Rules for Using Exclamation Marks Richard Bullock, Michal Brody, and Francine Weinberg note in the The Little Seagull Handbook, a grammar, punctuation, and style guide used on many college campuses, that you should use exclamation points to express strong emotion or add emphasis to a statement or command. They give this example of when to use an exclamation point, from Susan Jane Gilmans Hypocrite in a Pouffy White Dress: Tales of Growing Up Groovy and Clueless, who described seeing The Rolling Stones band member Keith Richards: Keith, we shrieked as the car drove away. Keith, we love you! Encountering a member of the iconic rock band- and the shrieking that accompanied the sighting- would, indeed, call for at least one exclamation point- and perhaps more!!!- to emphasize the excitement of the moment. Another example of when to use exclamation points is illustrated in this pithy quote from Tennessee Williams in Camino Real. Make voyages! Attempt them! Theres nothing else. You can also use multiple exclamation points in  informal  or comic writing, or to express  sarcasm, as in:   I loved your last email! OMG did I LOVE it!!! The point is that the writer of the above sentences didnt really love the email. She was being  ironic, which the multiple exclamation points help to show. Additionally, David Crystal, in Making a Point: The Persnickety Story of English Punctuation, gives these examples where the  contexts  dictate when exclamation marks would be acceptable, even expected: Interjections -  Oh!Expletives -  Damn!Greetings -  Happy Xmas!!!Calls -  Johnny!Commands -  Stop!Expressions of surprise -  What a mess!!!Emphatic statements -  I want to see you now!Attention-getters -  Listen carefully!Loud speech in dialogue -  Im in the garden!Ironic comments -  He paid, for a change!  or . . .  for a change (!)Strong mental attitudes -  Hardly! he thought But there are many other instances where you should omit exclamation points, as in this example from The Little Seagull Handbook. It was so close, so low, so huge and fast, so intent on its target that I swear to you, I swear to you, I felt the vengeance and rage emanating from the plane.- Debra Fontaine, Witnessing Bill Walsh, the late copy chief for the  Washington Post, noted in The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English that you should omit exclamation points (and other punctuation marks) when they are, essentially, gimmicky decorations for company names. So, says Walsh, you would write Yahoo,  not Yahoo! The Associated Press Stylebook also notes that you place exclamation points within quote marks when they are part of the quoted material, as in: How wonderful! he exclaimed.Never! she shouted. But place exclamation points outside of quotation marks when they are not part of the quoted material: I hated reading Spensers Faerie Queene! And never use other punctuation marks, such as a comma, after an exclamation point: Wrong: Halt!, the corporal cried.Right: Halt! the corporal cried. So, when using exclamation points remember that less is more. Use this punctuation mark- whether it be one, two, or three exclamation points- only when the context calls for it. Otherwise, let your prose speak for themselves and save the mighty exclamation point for extreme circumstances, for heavens sake!!!

The 10 Best Spelling Games to Improve Your Word Skills

The 10 Best Spelling Games to Improve Your Word Skills SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In case you haven’t heard, according to Taylor Swift, spelling is fun! But if Taylor’s word isn’t enough to convince you, we’ve come up with a list of ways that playing spelling games can actually improve your spelling, including examples of 10 spelling games that are excellent options for kids, adults, or anyone who wants to improve their spelling skills! (Don’t worry: the possibilities for spelling games go way beyond Scrabble.) Check out our list of 10 fun and challenging spelling games that you can play on your own or with friends to build your spelling skills and vocabulary. In this article, we’ll explain why spelling games are an effective way to improve your skills quickly, and we’ll also help you pick out the best spelling games to help you meet your goals. Let’s get started! Top 4 Ways Games Can Improve Your Spelling Did you know that the spelling game Words With Friends is one of the most popular mobile games of all time? That’s probably because friendly competition, gamification, and skill-building can be a really fun combo! In addition to being fun, gamifying spelling can provide you with some other benefits too. Here are four ways spelling games can improve your spelling, provide cognitive benefits, and increase your vocabulary! #1: Learning Can Come More Naturally When Combined With Games Researchers have found that incorporating games (like spelling games) into formal classrooms can boost student learning. Specifically, teachers who have used spelling games for kids in their classrooms reported improved test scores, heightened engagement from their students, and better attention spans. But the benefits of games don’t end with childhood- adolescents and adults can reap many of the same benefits from incorporating play and games into their life, too. Unfortunately, it’s easy to overlook the need for play and learning in our lives. Spelling word games are a popular and easily accessible way for adults to relax and enjoy learning, and you might even make friends with your fellow game players in the process. #2: Games Provide Practice What many people really need in order to improve at something they’re trying to master is practice. But sitting down with a piece of paper and writing a word over and over again is boring! Likewise, being in a classroom can be intimidating, too. Spelling word games- especially spelling games for kids- provide a fun environment to practice spelling...without the stress of a classroom environment. Formal environments where you have to perform a skill in front of other people- like school or work- can create anxiety around developing that skill. Practicing spelling in a game format allows you to try, fail, and try again without worrying about the consequences. And when people play games, they tend to try over and over again even after â€Å"failing† because they’re having fun! The kind of recurring practice and willingness to try again that spelling games promote can help anyone improve their spelling skills at any age. #3: They’re Great For ESL Learners and People With Dyslexia We mentioned how high-stakes environments like school or work can make spelling scary for some people. After all, no one wants to feel silly if they make a mistake! This can be especially true for people who are trying to learn a new language or who have dyslexia. Spelling games can be especially helpful for people in these situations. Research has shown that making spelling, reading, writing, listening, and speaking into a game can help English Language Learners and people with dyslexia learn to remember things faster and better and develop greater fluency. Connecting people who are learning a new language or who experience dyslexia with effective spelling word games can help them with their language learning. #4: Spelling Games Can Help With Other Important Skills Games give people the opportunity to learn how to spell words over an extended period of time, and they help cultivate an understanding of how the words are formed. Plus, research shows that learning to spell and learning to read and write rely on much of the same underlying knowledge. Many adults describe themselves as both poor readers and poor writers, and recent studies have shown that the time Americans spend reading is at an all-time low. But guess what has seen an increase over the past two decades? The amount of time that Americans spend on playing mobile games. Spelling games provide a great opportunity to dust off those reading and writing-related skills while also enjoying yourself. It’s an added bonus that exercising the reading and writing skills you already possess through game playing can help you grow and expand those existing skills in new ways as well. Top 4 Spelling Games for Kids Now that you know how word/spelling games can benefit people from all walks of life, let’s look at our list of top spelling games. First up: the best spelling games for kids! PBS Kids Spelling Games If you’re searching for one resource for spelling games online that provides access to a variety of spelling, vocabulary, and reading games designed for kids by education and child development experts, look no further than PBS Kids Online. PBS Kids’ website conveniently categorizes the many educational games they provide based on different content areas. There are also games for children ranging from the pre-reading stage to age 8. Younger kids may also appreciate the fact that many of PBS Kids’ spelling, vocabulary, and reading games feature characters they might already know and love from their favorite TV shows, like Big Bird, Clifford the Big Red Dog, and the little heroes of Super Why! The familiarity of these popular TV characters can serve as a big incentive for younger kids to engage with educational games. Though there are tons of educational games on the site, one of our favorite PBS Kids word/spelling games available for free online is Super Why Saves the Day. This game introduces a familiar story, like a fairy tale, and asks players to help rewrite the story using words they spell in the game. Players select letters as they appear on the screen to spell out 3-5 letter words, then choose from the pool of words they’ve spelled to rewrite different parts of the story. Super Why Saves the Day helps kids with both spelling and reading comprehension. Ideal For: Kids ages 3-8 Where to Find/Buy: PBS Kids website, or download the PBS Kids Games app for iOS, Android, or Amazon Fire Vocabulary Spelling City If you’re a parent or teacher, helping kids succeed in school-based reading and writing is probably important to you. Spelling City games can be a great source of support! Spelling City is a website and app that gamifies literacy learning to help children and youth grow and improve their vocabulary, spelling, phonics, and writing skills. The activities and games provided by Spelling City mimic the forms of learning and assessment that are used for literacy learning in U.S. schools. Using Spelling City can help students develop confidence and familiarity with the ways their literacy skills will be assessed in school through fun, engaging games. There are two different versions of Spelling City currently available: a free version and a paid annual subscription, called the Family Annual Membership. With the free version, you can access spelling games online or through the app. The Family Annual Membership provides more capabilities: in addition to over 40 spelling games, the membership gives you word study playlists, automatically graded spelling and vocabulary tests, and tracks student data and progress. Plus, the membership version is ad-free. Ideal For: Students aged K-12; families who homeschool; parents seeking extra learning support for their children; teachers seeking to gamify literacy learning; English Language Learners Where to Find/Buy: Online at the Vocabulary Spelling City website, or download the VocabularySpellingCity app for iOS or Android. Wordplay for Kids If you’re trying to cut down on screen time, Wordplay for Kids is a great board game option for building kids’ spelling, vocabulary, word building, and concentration skills. Here’s how the game works: players use a â€Å"letter spinner† to acquire certain letters that they then use to form a word before time runs out. The longer the word that they form, the more points they receive. The words must fall into six special categories: â€Å"Food and Drink,† â€Å"Object or Thing,† â€Å"Living Creature,† â€Å"Something in the House,† â€Å"Boy’s or Girl’s Name,† and â€Å"Any Word.† Another benefit of Wordplay for Kids is that the game can be played as an individual or with a group of 2-6 other players. The inclusive nature of this game gives kids an opportunity to practice spelling with others, which can take the anxiety out of the process. Plus, every player participates in every round, which keeps the excitement and momentum up for young players who want to stay in the middle of the action. Perhaps best of all, Wordplay for Kids is a Teachers’ Choice Award winner, so you know its potential to help kids find success in school-based spelling activities is strong. One word of caution, though: This board game does come with small pieces that could be a choking hazard, so be sure to keep out-of-reach of youngsters who are still in the â€Å"taste-everything-you-touch† phase. Ideal For: Children ages 6+ Where to Find/Buy: Purchase the board game online through Amazon Montessori Crosswords Montessori Crosswords is an app that comes highly recommended for children with dyslexia. Using the Montessori learning method, Montessori Crosswords uses a phonics-enabled moving alphabet to allow kids to build words from a set of 320 word, image, audio, and phonics combinations. The learning methods used by Montessori Crosswords help kids understand that words are made up of sounds, or phonemes. It also helps kids memorize the phonics associated with letters. The app accomplishes these two things by allowing kids to engage with the letters and phonics in the crosswords through sound, touch, and sight. As we mentioned earlier, making learning feel like playing can decrease many young learners’ anxiety about spelling. Additionally, this app tackles spelling from a unique learning perspective, so it makes spelling accessible to kids who have had difficult experiences with literacy learning. Ideal For: Any child, and especially children with dyslexia Where to Find/Buy: App store for iOS devices only Top 3 Spelling Games for Adults Now that we’ve looked at spelling games designed specifically for kids, let’s check out some top spelling games for adults. WordBattle WordBattle is a real-time, multiplayer online word game designed to help you practice word building in friendly competition with friends, family, or fellow Facebook users. Here’s how the game works: each player is given the same 9 random letters and attempts to create a word using them in 40 seconds. Here’s the catch: each letter is assigned a different point value. Your goal is to come up with the word with the greatest point value because whoever has the most points wins! Since WordBattle can be played through a social media site, there is also opportunity for community discussion about the game. Sometimes there are even debates about the legitimacy of words that are played. Especially enthusiastic players might even bust out the dictionary! Overall, WordBattle is simply meant to be a fun way to stretch your brain and improve your agility at word play...and you might just make a few new friends in the process. Ideal For: Any Facebook user who’s down for some competition! Where to Find/Buy: The WordBattle Facebook page, or download the app for iOS or Android. New York Times Crossword A classic in the world of spelling puzzle games, the New York Times crossword has been an icon of American culture since the 1940s. It first appeared in the Sunday paper, then was upgraded to a daily feature in the 1950s. The New York Times crossword puzzle gets increasingly difficult throughout the week, with the easiest puzzle appearing on Monday and the most difficult on Saturday. Knowing how the difficulty increases throughout the week can help you pick the puzzle that’s right for you. And even better: you don’t have to carry a newspaper around with you to play! The New York Times crossword is now available in an app for your phone or tablet. If you want to participate in a beloved national tradition and test your spelling and vocabulary skills, the New York Times crossword is a guaranteed winner. Ideal For: Adults looking for new, challenging spelling word games Where to Find/Buy: The New York Times online; iOS, Google Play, and Amazon Fire app stores Letter Tycoon If you’re interested in face-to-face, interactive spelling word games, consider looking into Letter Tycoon. This board game is an example of a solid approach to integrating a familiar, popular theme with spelling skills. Letter Tycoon asks its 2-5 players to engage in commodity speculation, hand management, and set collection to create the most valuable empire and become the â€Å"letter tycoon.† It’s kind of like Monopoly-meets-Scrabble! Here’s how the game works: players take turns forming a word using a seven-card hand and a three-card community pool, then score money and earn stock rewards based on the word they play. Players may use the money they’ve earned to buy one letter â€Å"patent† in the word they make. For the rest of the game, when other players use a letter you â€Å"own,† you receive â€Å"royalties† from the bank. Patents, money, and stocks are added up at the end of the game to determine the winner! If you’re looking for a fun, sophisticated spelling game that you can bring to game night, Letter Tycoon is a great option. Ideal For: Adults (and people who like economy-based games like Settlers of Catan) Where to Find/Buy: Purchase the board game from Amazon Prime or Walmart.com Top 3 Spelling Games for Anyone! But games are always more fun if you can play it with your whole family, no matter how old they are. That’s why we’ve compiled our favorite all-ages spelling games, too. Bananagrams Bananagrams is like Scrabble’s hip younger brother. It uses a similar concept in that the first player to use all of the letter tiles they’ve drawn to create a word grid is the winner. But Bananagrams ups the drama by making it a race against the other players. Bananagrams also comes in a cute, compact, banana-shaped cloth bag that’s about the size of a pencil case, making it easy to stuff into a backpack or purse and take anywhere. It also requires no pens, pencils, or papers to play! The Classic Bananagrams is great for people of all ages. Children as young as seven can play, and adults of any age can have fun playing, too. But Bananagrams also makes a version of the game called My First Bananagrams, designed for children as young as four who are still in the pre-reading stage. And, get this: if you’re trying to work on your spelling in a language other than English, you can buy Bananagrams in other languages! Available options include: Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. Whatever your age or native language, Bananagrams is designed to make you more comfortable with letters and words and helps you improve your spelling. Ideal For: People of all ages and various language backgrounds Where to Find/Buy: Amazon, in-store or online at Target, Barnes Noble, Walmart, or at local toy stores Big Boggle Boggle is a word/spelling game that’s been around for a while, but it remains popular among people of all ages. Big Boggle is a variation on the classic game, and here’s how it works: players attempt to find as many connected words as possible from face-up letters in a 25-cube grid. But, the players are also on the clock! When time is up, players compare their lists of words, then eliminate any words they have in common. Players then receive points based on the number of letters in their remaining words. Adding the time element helps you practice your spelling under pressure, and it gives you the confidence to take spelling risks you might not normally take. (After all, you’re trying to earn precious points!) Ideal For: Anyone, but recommend ages 8+ Where to Find/Buy: eBay, Amazon, or in-store and online at Walmart Words With Friends You’ve probably heard of Words With Friends, a longtime fixture in online and multiplayer word/spelling games. In Words With Friends, players take turns building words in a crossword puzzle format. (If that sounds familiar, you’re right: Words With Friends riffs on the classic Scrabble concept.) If you’re a pretty active game player and enjoy multitasking, Words With Friends allows you to participate in up to 30 games at one time! Players can also connect with people they know to play Words With Friends, or be randomly assigned opponents through â€Å"Smart Match.† Like many other apps that can be played through social media networks, Words With Friends also provides a built-in chat feature that allows players to send messages to each other while playing the game. Ideal For: Anyone, but recommended ages 8+ Where to Find/Buy: iOS, Android, and Windows app store; Facebook, Kindle Fire, and Nook Tablet. What's Next? Do educational games sound like something right up your alley? Then make sure you check out our other posts on educational learning games! (Coming soon) If you’re trying to improve your spelling, you might be interested in working on your reading comprehension, too. Here’s our complete guide to improving your reading comprehension skills. One reason you might want to improve your spelling skills and vocabulary is to prepare you for the reading portion of the SAT or ACT. (It’s a great plan!) Learn more about the reading portions of the SAT and the ACT exams to make sure you’re prepared.